Александр Николаевич Горбань - Демон Дарвина. Идея оптимальности и естественный отбор



:e_dkZg^j GbdheZ_\bq=hj[Zgv
J_f=jb]hjv_\bqOe_[hijhk

>?FHG>:J?YHILBF:EVGHKLB
B ?KL?KLBKEH?EBJHhklZlhqgueb
i_j\u_ijbgpbiu"L_hjbybebf_lh^"?FHGF?G>?EYBH=:GGK?G:Hldjulb_b i_j_hldjulb_
JZa\_jlu\Zgb_ijhkluofh^_e_cOjhfhkhfZehdmkZee_evb ]_gIheh\h_
jZafgh`_gb_b ]_gu]jm[byguJZafgh`_gb_b hl[hj]_gh\=_ghp_gha
dZd[bhp_ghab [bhp_ghadZd]_ghp_gha;eZ]hj_p_kkb\ghklb 
G:KE?>HbgZfbq_kdZyihke_^h\Zl_evghklv?^bgbpunmgdpbb
Kihkh[ghklbb ih\_^_gb_IeZlZaZnmgdpbxH[h[s_gguc]_ghlbiHl
gZke_^m_fuo_^bgbpd [bhkn_j_b h[jZlghDhwnnbpb_gljZafgh`_gby



[_aij_^dh\b ihlhfdh\KhhilbfZevghklvb kh\_jr_gkl\h=_gu
ihemq_ggu_g_hljh^bl_e_c=^_`_hj]Zgbafu"GZke_^h\Zgb_[_a
hj]Zgbafh\ ihiuldZhij_^_e_gby 
BAF?GQB?@?=E:?EV" 
DHFF?GL:JBBD KIBKDMEBL?J:LMJU
KIBKHDEBL?J:LMJU 



IJ?>BKEH?EBJHZe__g_\hafh`gh[ulvehrZ^vxZ g_\kZ^gbdhfBgZq_kemqblky
lhqlhij_^kdZaZgh\ ba\_klguoijh]ghaZo>@ \\_^_gbb\ kh\j_f_ggmx
wkoZlheh]bx gZmdmh dhgp_k\_lZ 
Q_eh\_q_kdZy ^_yl_evghklv \ dZdhclhkl_i_gbijh_dlbjm_lky\k_]^Z
Gh b g_dhlhju_ _kl_kl\_ggu_ ijhp_kku b y\e_gby [u\Z_l ihe_agh
jZkkfZljb\Zlv lZd dZd [m^lh hgb bkdmkkl\_ggu_ kijh_dlbjh\Zggu_ ^ey
^hklb`_gby g_dhlhjhc p_eb LZdhc ijb_f rbjhdh jZkijhkljZg_g \
[bheh]bb K\h_ _kl_kl\_gghgZmqgh_ hijZ\^Zgb_ hg gZoh^bl \ l_hjbb
w\hexpbb jZkkfZljb\Zxs_c \ hkh[_gghklb ihke_ jZ[hl >Zj\bgZ
w\hexpbxdZdqbklh_kl_kl\_ggucijhp_kk
Ij_^eZ]Z_fZj\bgihkem`bebhkgh\hc^eygZ\h^ysbokhh[jZ`_gbcijb
kha^Zgbb l_hjbb hl[hjZ Gh \ kZfhklhyl_evgmx h[eZklv gZmdb wlh
gZijZ\e_gb_ ij_\jZlbehkv dZd wlh m`_ kdZaZgh e_l  lhfm gZaZ^
GZrb jZ[hlu ih l_hjbb w\hexpbb hlghkylky bf_ggh d wlhfm
fZl_fZlbq_kdhfmgZijZ\e_gbx
< p_ehf fZl_fZlbq_kdZy l_hjby w\hexpbb lZd `_ dZd b [he__
ba\_klgh_ gZijZ\e_gb_ g_ bkihevamxs__ fZl_fZlbdm hibjZ_lky gZ b^_b
Q >Zj\bgZ h[ hl[hj_ H^gZdh \ ihke_^g__ \j_fy jZaju\ f_`^m
fZl_fZlbq_kdbf b dZq_kl\_ggh[bheh]bq_kdbf gZijZ\e_gbyfb dZd \Zf
dZ`_lkym\_ebqb\Z_lky
Mjh\_gv fZl_fZlbq_kdbo jZ[hl jZkl_l gh bf_ggh fZl_fZlbq_kdbc
mjh\_gv Qlh `_ dZkZ_lky kh^_j`Zl_evghklb fh^_e_c lh bo hlghr_gby k
j_Zevghklvx kdeZ^u\Zxlky ^Ze_dh g_ b^beebq_kdb Dhg_qgh wlh
hlghkblkyg_dh\k_fjZ[hlZfZ oZjZdl_jbam_lkblmZpbx\ kj_^g_f
K ^jm]hc klhjhgu [bheh]b h[uqgh g_ bkihevamxl jZa\bluc
fZl_fZlbq_kdbc ZiiZjZl Z ij_^ijbgbfZ_fh_ bgh]^Z \djZie_gb_
fZl_fZlbq_kdhc l_jfbgheh]bb \ [bheh]bq_kdb_ l_dklu ³Zdkbhfu
[bheh]bb´³ihklmeZlu w\hexpbhgguo l_hjbc´ \u]ey^blk lhqdbaj_gby
ijhn_kkbhgZeZg_hq_gvkh^_j`Zl_evgh`FZdk\_eeZbdhg_qgh>`=b[[kZM`_
ijb ZgZeba_ lZdh]h dZaZehkv [u ijbfblb\gh]h jZkkm`^_gby \hagbdZxl
l_gb \_ebdbo : i_j\h_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ h ³]_hf_ljbq_kdhc ijh]j_kkbb
jZafgh`_gby´ ijbgZ^e_`bl L FZevlmkm IjZ\^Z \u\h^u hg k^_eZe
^jm]b_
:gZebabjm_fhkgh\Zgby^Zevr_Kj_^gbcdhwnnbpb_gljZafgh`_gby
 hldm^Z hg [_j_lky" Hg kms_kl\m_l dZd we_f_gl ijhklhc ^bgZfbq_kdhc
fh^_eb  jZafgh`_gby \ ]_hf_ljbq_kdhc ijh]j_kkbb k wlbf kj_^gbf
dhwnnbpb_glhfGhgZkdhevdhwlZfh^_evkhhl\_lkl\m_lbf_xsbfkym gZk
ij_^klZ\e_gbyfh j_Zevghklb gZr_c^_ckl\bl_evghklb "
Ih\_jbf \ lh qlh jZafgh`_gb_ k i_j_f_gguf qbkehf ihlhfdh\ gZ
[hevrbo \j_f_gZo ijb\_^_l d lhfm `_ j_amevlZlm  \ufbjZgbx beb
khojZg_gbx dhlhjuc [m^_l ihemq_g b gZ ijhklhc fh^_eb kh kj_^gbf
dhwnnbpb_glhfjZafgh`_gbyImklvmkj_^g_gb_h[hkgh\Zgh
>ey iheh\h]h jZafgh`_gby \klZ_l \hijhk dZd ^_eblv ihlhfdh\ dZd
hij_^_eylv dhwnnbpb_gl jZafgh`_gby" Ijhs_ \k_]h  ^_eblv ihiheZf
beb ^ey ^\miheh]h jZafgh`_gby  jZkkfZljb\Zlv jZafgh`_gb_ kZfhd 
mqblu\ZlvlhevdhfZfb ^hq_d
Gh \hl dZ`_lky i_j\u_ k_jv_agu_ khfg_gby Iheh\h_ jZafgh`_gb_
g_ _klv ³\hkijhba\h^kl\h k_[y´ >_lb g_ y\eyxlky dhibyfb jh^bl_e_c
Ihwlhfm ijbibku\Zgb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ jZafgh`_gby hkh[b \uau\Z_l
khfg_gby : dhfm _]h ijbibku\Zlv" Zj\bgZ
M=HEAJ?GBY
Hl^_e_gb_kfukeZhl[_kkfukebpuL_hjby fh^_ev h[t_dlL_hjby
>Zj\bgZ b ^bgZfbq_kdb_ fh^_eb GvxlhgZ AZdhg rZ]Z b aZdhg p_eb
W\hexpbhggu_ kp_gZjbb \ nbabd_ b [bheh]bb >hklZlhqgu eb i_j\u_
ijbgpbiu" L_hjby beb f_lh^" @ Wlb b^_b qZklh ijhlb\hj_qZl ^jm]
^jm]m qlh i_j_^ dZ`^uf q_eh\_dhf aZbgl_j_kh\Z\rbfky l_hjb_c
w\hexpbb \klZ_l aZ^ZqZ hij_^_eblv kfuke hl [_kkfukebpu \u[jZlv
ohly[u^eyk_[y ^hklZlhqghg_ijhlb\hj_qb\ucdhfie_dkb^_c
Hl^_eblv kfuke hl [_kkfukebpu KlZ\yaZ^Zqm`_eZl_evghmdZaZlv
b \hafh`gu_nhjfuhl\_lZQlhhagZqZ_llZdh_hij_^_e_gb_"< j_amevlZl_
\hijhku ^he`gu [ulv jZa^_e_gu gZ j_r_ggu_ g_j_r_ggu_ b
[_kkfuke_ggu_ b^_b  gZ [_amkeh\gh \_jgu_ [_amkeh\gh g_\_jgu_ b
kihjgu_ Gm`gh \u^_eblv h[eZklv nZdlh\ jZkkfZljb\Z_fmx \ ^Zgghc
gZmd_ hibkZlv f_lh^u ihemq_gby nZdlh\ b bo h[tykg_gby jZa^_eblv
nZdlugZh[tykg_ggu_g_h[tykg_ggu_bqlhhq_gv\Z`ghg_h[tykgbfu_
\ jZfdZo kms_kl\mxsbo ij_^klZ\e_gbc Gm`gh ij_^eh`blv ijhp_^mju
kh]eZkh\Zgby agZgbc dhlhju_ ^he`gu \uy\eylv iZjZ^hdku b
ijhlb\hj_qby Gm`gh < h[s_f gm`gh ijh\_klb ih^jh[guc eh]bdh
f_lh^heh]bq_kdbc ZgZeba gZmdb : ^ey hkms_kl\e_gby _]h \ iheghf
h[t_f_m gZkg_lkj_^kl\
G_iheghlZ b g_hdhgqZl_evghklv hl^_e_gby kfukeZ hl [_kkfukebpu
g_^he`gugZkhklZgZ\eb\Zlv\ gZqZe_imlb [_alZdh]hhl^_e_gby\hh[s_
gbq_]h g_evay k^_eZlv ?]h g_aZ\_jr_gghklv k\yaZgZ g_ lhevdh k
g_^hklZlhqghc ijhgbpZl_evghklvx bkke_^h\Zl_ey beb k g_o\Zldhc



f_lh^h\ L_ \hijhku dhlhju_ jZgvr_kqblZebkv[_kkfuke_ggufbfh]ml
hdZaZlvkyhkfuke_ggufbZ lhqlh\q_jZdZaZehkvj_r_gguf\^jm]kgh\Z
klZlvijh[e_fhcb gZh[hjhl
Ijbf_ju ba nbabdb \k_f ba\_klgu LZd \hijhk h nbabq_kdhf
kms_kl\h\Zgbb Zlhfh\ [ue gZklhevdh ^Ze_d hl aZ^Zq j_rZ\rboky \
nbabd_ ihaZijhreh]h \_dZ qlh \ ijhrehf \_d_ fgh]b_ h[ty\beb _]h
g_jZaj_rbfuf b [_kkfuke_gguf Z \ gZqZe_ gug_rg_]h hg mki_rgh
i_j_r_e \ jZajy^ hdhgqZl_evgh j_r_gguo ?\deb^h\hklv ]_hf_ljbb
j_Zevgh]h fbjZ ijbf_gbfhklv l_hj_fu IbnZ]hjZ d nbabq_kdb
kms_kl\mxsbf lj_m]hevgbdZf  ^he]h_ \j_fy kqblZehkv gZklhevdh
hq_\b^ghc qlh gbdZdbo \hijhkh\ g_ \hagbdZeh : k_cqZk ihke_
Wcgrl_cgZfum`_agZ_fqlh]_hf_ljbynbabq_kdh]hfbjZg__\deb^h\Z
>ey j_r_gby ihklZ\e_gghc aZ^Zqb [m^_l bkihevah\Zlvky b^_heh]by
fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h fh^_ebjh\Zgby bf_xsb_ky \ gZr_f jZkihjy`_gbb
f_lh^uihkljh_gbyfh^_e_cZ lZd`_g_dhlhju_f_lh^heh]bq_kdb_b^_b=
I S_^jh\bpdh]h > @ b Y Obglbddb >@ Hlf_lbf qlh fu g_
y\ey_fky
ihke_^h\Zl_evgufb
ijb\_j`_gpZfb
dZdhceb[h
f_lh^heh]bq_kdhcrdheu 
Keh\h ³fh^_ev´ fgh]hagZqgh _]h agZq_gb_ ^ey om^h`gbdZ beb
dhgkljmdlhjZ kbevgh hlebqZ_lky hl lh]h dhlhjh_ ijbgylh \
fZl_fZlbq_kdhf fh^_ebjh\Zgbb Fu _]h g_ jbkdgmeb ij_^eh`blv
l_fi_jZf_glghfm om^h`gbdm k\h_ ihgbfZgb_ fh^_eb >ey gZk --">