Е. Ф. Старовойтова - Изучаем технологию полиграфического производства на английском языке: учебное пособие

процесс, т.е. образование существительных от глаголов. Например: fallout – радиоактивные осадки (от глагола to fall out – выпадать).
Глаголы могут быть образованы и от прилагательных. Например: empty – пустой → tо empty – опорожнять.

Упражнение 2. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся выделенные курсивом слова.
1. He works as a teacher.
2. Оne of Mendeleyev's important works is his book «Principles of Chemistry».
3. Your report was very interesting.
4. He reported the results of the experiment.
5. He devoted his life to the progress of his country.
6. If you do not work hard you'll make no progress.
7. He thought about his future work.
8. The book contained his thoughts about further development of national economy.
9. I have a present for you.
10. In 1859 he presented his thesis.
11. On my return home I called her up at once.
12. My father will return tomorrow.
13. His experiments resulted in a new discovery.
14. The telephone is the invention of the 20th century.
15. Sam didn't telephone me yesterday.

Vocabulary Notes

Задание. Переведите следующие предложения.
1. to shout = to cry – кричать
Our director never shouts at anybody even when he is nervous.
2. criеr – глашатай
Many centuries ago criers informed people about the events.
3. old-fashioned – старомодный
This dress is old-fashioned.
4. in order to – чтобы, для того чтобы
I went to the post-office in order to send a telegram.
5. kind – вид
There are many kinds of technical schools in our town.
6. to print – печатать
People learned to print many years ago.
7. by hand – вручную
At present few works are done by hand at our plants.
8. drawing – рисунок
Many ancient drawings were found by our archeologists.
9. to have at smb’s disposal – иметь в … распоряжении
We have many text-books at our disposal.
10. surface – поверхность
The surface of type was covered with ink.
11. to bear (bore, borne) – нести, носить
The type invented by John Fell bore his name.
12. to carve – рeзать, вырезать (по дереву или кости)
His hobby is carving.
13. block – деревянная печатная форма
The first blocks were carved by hand.
14. type – шрифт
Movable metallic type was invented by Gutenberg.
15. to compose – набирать
Type may be composed by hand or mechanically.
16. plate – пластина, форма
Stereotyped plates were very convenient for printing.
17. to coat – покрывать
Plates may be coated by nickel or chromium.
18. resin – смола
Resin is a sticky substance that flows out from plants and trees.
19. wax – воск
Wax is a soft yellow substance made by bees.
20. invention – изобретение
The invention of printing dates back to the 9th century.
21. to play a part – играть роль
His experiments play an important part in our work.
22. art – искусство
The art of printing is being constantly developed.
23. papermaking – изготовление бумаги
Papermaking is a very complex art.
24. to try – пытаться, стараться
He tried to prove his being right.
25. to try out – делать опыты, пробовать
He tried out many ways of creating a new material.
26. to spread (spread, spread) – распространять(ся)
The news spread about the town with great speed.
27. cheap – дешевый
Cheap kinds of paper are produced at this enterprise.
28. quality – качество
The quality of goods was very high.
29. to appear – появляться
Printing appeared in Russia in the 16th century.
30. appearance – внешний вид
The appearance of books has changed very little since the 18th century.
31. assistant – помощник
The professor and his assistant wanted to complete their experiments by May.
32. letter – буква
The line is composed of letters on some machines.
33. change – изменение
Great changes are performed in many branches of industry.
34. to change – меняться
He has changed very much in his manner but his appearance has remained the same.

Text 1A

Задание. Прочтите текст.
Many, many years ago a town crier ran through the streets and shouted out all the news. But now we live in the Atomic Age. Too many things happen too quickly for us to learn about them in the old-fashioned way. That is why we have to read more and more in order to find out what is happening in the world.
Have you ever thought about the kind of books people used long ago? It is only last 500 years that books have been printed on paper. Before that time the only way of making books was to write them by hand. No one knows when writing first began, but we have found drawings on the walls of caves and scratchings on bones which are at least 25,000 years old.
By the end of the 2nd century A.D. the Chinese had discovered printing. They had at their disposal the three elements necessary for printing: paper, ink and surfaces bearing texts carved in relief. By the 6th century wood blocks had appeared. To make a print, the wood block was inked, a sheet of paper spread on it. Only one side of the sheet could be printed.
About 1041-48 a Chinese alchemist made movable type. He composed texts by placing types, made of an amalgam of clay and glue hardened by baking, on an iron plate coated with a mixture of resin, was and paper ash. This plate was heated and then cooled and the type solidified. Type could be reused.
The invention of paper played a very important part in the development of books. In the 11th century the art of papermaking reached Europe but no trace of printing was found in Europe until 1423. Johann Gutenberg is known to have secretely tried out ways of printing in Strasburg, Germany, in 1440.
The alloy used for type was a mix of lead, tin and antinomy – the same components used today.
A 42 line Bible was printed in 1456.
The knowledge of the methods of printing spread so quickly over the continent of Europe that by the year 1487 nearly every country has started printing books. Later people began to learn how to make paper more quickly and cheaply and of better quality.
As a result of this, books became much lighter and smaller.
The first person to print books in the English language was William Caxton, in the Russian language – Ivan Fedorov.
The first book printed in the Russian language appeared in Moscow on the first of March, 1564. Up to that time there were only handwritten books in Russia. The house built for printing books was not far from the Kremlin. At that time it was one of the best buildings in the Russian capital. Ivan Fedorov and his assistants were the first to use Russian letters.
By the 16th century books looked very much as they do today and since then very little change has been made in their appearance.

Упражнение 3. По признакам герундия, отличающим его от причастия, определите, в каких из следующих предложений употребляется герундий, а в каких – причастие. В зависимости от --">